Electricity cannot be economically stored at utility scales. Supply and demand must be balanced at all times, and the structure of the transmission leads to massive amounts of inefficiency. In order to deal with these issues, and to ensure reliable access to power, the global standard is to centralize control under System Operators, who coordinate the grid for electric utilities. The efficiency of the electricity grid is also of fundamental importance for achieving lower carbon emissions, and reducing the impact of coal and natural gas pollution on human health.