Electricity cannot be economically stored at utility scales. Supply and demand must be balanced at all times, and the structure of the transmission grid massive amounts of inefficiency. In order to deal with these issues, and to ensure reliable access to power, the global standard is to centralize control under Independent System Operators, who coordinate the grid for electric utilities. The efficiency of the electricity grid is also of fundamental importance for achieving lower carbon emissions, and reducing the impact of coal pollution on human health. Understanding all aspects of the electrical grid and their properties and complexities is an area of our core focus at present.